Sipekitiromita ndi chida chasayansi, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula kuchuluka kwa ma radiation a electromagnetic, imatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation ngati mawonekedwe oyimira kufalikira kwa mphamvu ya kuwala molingana ndi kutalika kwa mafunde (y-axis ndiye mphamvu, x-axis ndi kutalika kwa mafunde). /kuchuluka kwa kuwala).Kuwala ndi kosiyana kosiyanitsidwa ndi mafunde ake mkati mwa spectrometer ndi ma splitter amitengo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ma prisms kapena ma diffraction gratings Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1 Sipekitiramu ya babu ndi kuwala kwadzuwa (kumanzere), mfundo yogawanitsa matabwa ndi prism (kumanja)
Ma Spectrometers amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyeza kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa kuwala, kaya poyang'ana mwachindunji kutulutsa kwa gwero la kuwala kapena kuwunikira, kuyamwa, kutumiza, kapena kumwazikana kwa kuwala kumatsatira kugwirizana kwake ndi chinthu.Pambuyo pa kuyanjana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu, sipekitiramu imawona kusintha kwa mawonekedwe enaake kapena kutalika kwake kwa mawonekedwe, ndipo mawonekedwe a chinthucho akhoza kuyesedwa moyenerera kapena mochulukira malinga ndi kusintha kwa sipekitiramu, monga kusanthula kwachilengedwe ndi mankhwala. kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi mayankho osadziwika, ndi kusanthula kwa molekyulu, kapangidwe ka atomiki ndi kapangidwe kazinthu kazinthu mkuyu 2.
Mkuyu. 2 Infuraredi mayamwidwe sipekitiramu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta
Poyambirira adapangidwa kuti aziphunzira za physics, zakuthambo, chemistry, spectrometer tsopano ndi chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri monga uinjiniya wamankhwala, kusanthula kwazinthu, sayansi ya zakuthambo, kuwunika zamankhwala, komanso kuzindikira kwachilengedwe.M'zaka za m'ma 1700, Isaac Newton adatha kugawa kuwala kukhala gulu losalekeza podutsa kuwala koyera kupyola mu prism ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Spectrum" kwa nthawi yoyamba kufotokoza zotsatira izi.
Chithunzi 3 Isaac Newton amaphunzira za kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi prism.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, wasayansi wa ku Germany Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), kuphatikizapo prisms, diffraction slits ndi telescopes, anapanga spectrometer ndi yolondola kwambiri komanso yolondola, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa dzuwa Chithunzi 4. Iye adawona kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mawonekedwe amitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya dzuwa sapitilira, koma amakhala ndi mizere yakuda (mizere yopitilira 600) yomwe imatchedwa "Frankenhofer line".Anatchula mizere yosiyana kwambiri ndi iyi A, B, C…H ndipo anawerengera mizere 574 pakati pa B ndi H yomwe imagwirizana ndi kuyamwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamtundu wa solar Chithunzi 5. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Fraunhofer analinso choyamba kugwiritsa ntchito grating ya diffraction kuti mupeze mawonekedwe a mzere ndikuwerengera kutalika kwa mafunde a mizere yowonera.
Chithunzi 4. Chowonera choyambirira, chowonedwa ndi munthu
Chithunzi 5 Mzere wa Fraun Whaffe (mzere wakuda mu riboni)
Chithunzi cha 6 Solar spectrum, ndi gawo la concave logwirizana ndi mzere wa Fraun Wolfel
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1800, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo a ku Germany Kirchhoff ndi Bunsen, anagwira ntchito limodzi ku yunivesite ya Heidelberg, komanso ndi chida chamoto chatsopano cha Bunsen (chowotcha cha Bunsen) ndipo anachita kafukufuku woyamba pozindikira mizere yeniyeni ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana. (mchere) owazidwa mu Bunsen burner flame fig.7. Anazindikira kuwunika kwabwino kwa zinthu poyang'ana mawonekedwe, ndipo mu 1860 adafalitsa kupezedwa kwa mawonekedwe azinthu zisanu ndi zitatu, ndikutsimikiza kukhalapo kwa zinthu izi m'magulu angapo achilengedwe.Zomwe adapeza zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nthambi yofunikira ya spectroscopy analytical chemistry: spectroscopic analysis.
Chithunzi cha 7 Flame reaction
M'zaka za m'ma 20 m'zaka za m'ma 1900, katswiri wa sayansi ya ku India CV Raman adagwiritsa ntchito spectrometer kuti apeze mphamvu yobalalika ya kuwala ndi mamolekyu mu njira zowonongeka.Anawona kuti kuwala kwa chochitikacho kunabalalika ndi mphamvu zapamwamba ndi zochepa pambuyo poyanjana ndi kuwala, komwe kumatchedwanso Raman kufalitsa mkuyu 8. Kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kumadziwika ndi microstructure ya mamolekyu, kotero Raman kumwaza spectroscopy amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zipangizo, mankhwala, mankhwala. ndi mafakitale ena kuti azindikire ndikuwunika mtundu wa mamolekyu ndi kapangidwe kazinthu.
Chithunzi 8 Mphamvu imasuntha pambuyo polumikizana ndi mamolekyu
M'zaka za m'ma 30 m'zaka za m'ma 1900, wasayansi wa ku America Dr. Beckman poyamba anaganiza zoyesa kuyamwa kwa ultraviolet spectra pa utali uliwonse wa wavelength padera kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe, potero kuwulula mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu njira.Njira yoyamwitsa yotengera iyi imakhala ndi gwero la kuwala, spectrometer, ndi zitsanzo.Kuchuluka kwa mayankho apano komanso kuzindikira ndende kumatengera kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe awa.Apa, gwero la kuwala limagawanika pa chitsanzo ndipo prism kapena grating imafufuzidwa kuti ipeze mafunde osiyanasiyana Chithunzi 9.
Fig.9 Mfundo Yodziwikiratu ya Absorbance -
M'zaka za m'ma 40 m'zaka za m'ma 1900, chida choyamba chodziwikiratu chinapangidwa, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba, machubu a photomultiplier PMTs ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zinalowa m'malo mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena filimu yojambula zithunzi, yomwe ingathe kuwerengera mwachindunji mphamvu ya spectral motsutsana ndi kutalika kwa mawonekedwe. 10. Choncho, spectrometer monga chida cha sayansi yakhala ikuwongolera kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, kuyeza kwachulukidwe, ndi kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi.
Chithunzi cha 10 Photomultiplier chubu
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chitukuko cha teknoloji ya spectrometer sichinali chosiyana ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo ndi zipangizo za optoelectronic semiconductor.Mu 1969, Willard Boyle ndi George Smith a Bell Labs anapanga CCD (Charge-Coupled Chipangizo), yomwe idakonzedwanso ndikupangidwa kukhala zojambula zojambula ndi Michael F. Topsett mu 1970s.Willard Boyle (kumanzere), George Smith anapambana amene anapambana Nobel Prize kwa kutulukira CCD (2009) anasonyeza Mkuyu. kuthetsa.Kenako, mu 1995, NASA Eric Fossum anatulukira CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) chithunzi sensa, amene amadya 100 mphamvu zochepa kuposa ofanana CCD chithunzi masensa ndipo ali ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri kupanga.
Chithunzi 11 Willard Boyle (kumanzere), George Smith ndi CCD awo (1974)
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kusintha kosalekeza kwa semiconductor optoelectronic chip processing ndi luso lopanga zinthu, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la CCD ndi CMOS mu spectrometers mkuyu.M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma spectrometers apeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu m'magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo koma osawerengeka pozindikira / kuyeza mitundu, kusanthula kwa laser wavelength, ndi fluorescence spectroscopy, kusanja kwa LED, kujambula ndi zipangizo zowunikira kuwala, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ndi zina. .
Chithunzi 12 Zosiyanasiyana za CCD
M'zaka za zana la 21, luso lopanga ndi kupanga lamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma spectrometers likukula pang'onopang'ono ndikukhazikika.Pakuchulukirachulukira kwa ma spectrometers m'mitundu yonse yamoyo, kutukuka kwa ma spectrometers kwakhala kofulumira komanso kutengera makampani.Kuwonjezera pa ochiritsira kuwala chizindikiro chizindikiro, mafakitale osiyana makonda chofunika kukula voliyumu, ntchito mapulogalamu, polumikizira kulankhulana, liwiro poyankha, bata, ndipo ngakhale mtengo wa spectrometers, kupanga spectrometer chitukuko kukhala zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-28-2023